Ovarian cysts are common. Ovarian cancer is uncommon. Only one in 1,000 ovarian cysts is cancerous in pre-menopausal women, rising to three in 1,000 post menopause.
The ovaries produce eggs each month and cysts develop when the follicles, which usually produce eggs, overgrow. Normal growth is to around 2cm before the eggs are excreted through ovulation.
The nature of the cyst is usually determined by its size, thin or thick walls, one or many parts, on one or both ovaries and if there is fluid behind the womb. Cysts are best detected through internal ultrasound.
Women should visit the doctor if they experience abdominal pain, distension, loss of appetite, increased urgency or frequency of urination, unexplained weight loss, unusual pain during intercourse and backpain.
At least 60 per cent of cysts will dissipate by themselves but if a cyst is persistent or enlarged then you should see a specialist.
For smaller, complex cysts, a blood test for tumour markers is recommended.
The main problem with ovarian cysts is that they rarely cause symptoms like sudden onset of severe pain unless they twist, rupture or bleed into themselves – this is termed a ‘cyst accident’. If you experience sudden pain, you should see a doctor.
If your scan shows a simple cyst less than 5cm, it can be left alone. You can however follow up with your gynaecologist every three months. If your doctor identifies the cyst as ‘complex’ and you’re post-menopausal, you need to be evaluated further.
If you are premenopausal, the cyst appears complex and/or more than 5cm, you will also need a doctor’s visit.
Once you’ve been seen, you will be offered surveillance (regular scanning and blood tests every four months for one year) or an operation.
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